【2008年度第一回　　筆記試験問題　90分】

 

1.　最も適切なものを1~4から選びなさい。

(1)　形容詞

In response to research showing that secondhand cigarette smoke is  (　　 ) to people’s health, the government has banned smoking in many public places.

1 hazardous   2 adorable 　3 vigorous 　4 indulgent

• haz・ard・ous / hǽzərdəs　有害な　Cigarette smoking may be hazardous to your health.
• a・dor・a・ble / ədɔ́rəbəl　かわいらしい
• vig・or・ous / vígərəs　活気あふれる
• in・dul・gent / indʌ́ldʒənt　寛大な

【答】1 hazardous

 

(2)　動詞(過去分詞)

After three years under enemy rule, the city was finally  (　　 ) . The people rushed onto the streets to cheer and thank the soldiers for freeing them.

1 scanned    2 surveyed 　3 liberated 　4 featured

• rule / rúːl　原義の「ものさし」から，物事の規準となる「規則」，規則の行使を意味する「支配」に展開
• scan / skǽn　（機器で）調べる　scan a person’s brain with an MRI
• sur・vey / sərvéi
• lib ・er ・ at ・ ed / líbərèitid　解放された　liberated areas
• fea・ tured / fíːtʃərd　特集された、主演の　a featured article

【答】3 liberated

 

(3)　名詞

In a statement, the two airline companies announced they will form an  ( 　　) from April. ” Together we can provide better services and smoother connections,” said a spokesman.
1 alliance 　　2 accessory 　　3 attendant 　　4 adoption

• al・li・ance / əláiəns　協定　a military [political] alliance
• ac・ces・so・ry / əksésəri　付属品　car accessories
• at・tend・ant / əténdənt　付添人
• a • dop • tion / ədάpʃən　養子縁組　 [give] up one’s child for adoption、(自治体が道路などの）管理責任を負うこと

【答】1 alliance

 

(4)　動詞

A : Honey, do we have to talk about our debts now ? Just thinking about them gives me a headacke.

B : Well, we’re going to have to (　　 ) the issue sometime. We can’t put it off forever.
1 prohibit 　2 confront 　　3 ration 　　4 resist

• pro • hib • it / prouhíbit　禁止する　prohibit people from swimming in the river　…を妨げる　Business prohibited  him from going [his going].
• con • front / kənfrʌ́nt　立ち向かう，confront danger
• ra • tion / rǽʃən　〔…に〕〈ものを〉配給する The remaining food was rationed out carefully among the survivors. 残った食料は生存者たちに大切に配られた。
• re • sist / rizíst　抵抗するresist water pressure

【答】2 confront

動詞の意味を知っていても、作文ができない。直接に目的語を従えるのか、前置詞が必要なのか迷ってしまう。prohibit はSVOOにできないのか? remind 人 of  と同タイプ?

 

(5)　名詞

The sale of alcohol to (　　 ) is strictly forbidden. Customers must show identification to prove they are old enough.
1 patrons　　 2 guardians 　　3 minors 　　4 creditors

• pa • tron / péitrən　後援者
• guard • i • an / ɡάːrdiən　守護者、後見人（⇔ward）
• mi • nor / máinər　未成年者　No minors allowed　形容詞としての使い方は、a minor proportion「少数」　a minor party「少数政党」など
• cred • i • tor / kréditər　債権者 (⇔debtor）

【答】3 minors

消去法で答えを出したが、minorに未成年者の意味は知らなかった。

 

× (6)　  形容詞 -able, -ing

When Larry and his college friend set up a business together, they asked a lawyer to write a legally (　　　　) contract detailing their responsibilities.
1 binding 　　2 incurable 　　3 expandable　　4 daring

• bind / báind 束ねて縛る　 the prisoner up tight / 囚人をきつく縛る ⇒ binding  拘束力のある　 binding agreement / 拘束力のある協定
• in • cur • a • ble / inkjúərəbl　変えることのできない　an incurable disease　不治の病
• ex・pánd・a・ble　伸張できる、発展性のある　Expandable Umbrella
• dar • ing / déəriŋ　大胆な　one’s daring adventure / 向こう見ずな冒険

【答】1 binding

 

(7)　”Mrs. Turnbull, congratulations on your retirement, said school principal.  ” Your kindness and good humor  (　　 ) you to everyone here.  We will miss you.”
1 enforced 　　2 harassed 　　3 endeared　　 4 administered

• en・force [ɪnfˈɔɚs] 強いる　enforce a law 法を守らせる
• ha・rass [hərˈæs] 悩ますHe was harassed by [with] crank phone calls. 彼はいたずら電話に悩まされた.
• en・dear [ɪndíɚ] 慕わせるHis kindness of heart endeared him to all. 彼は優しいので皆に慕われた.
• ad・min・is・ter [ədmínɪstɚ] 運営するThe Secretary of State administers foreign affairs. 国務長官は外交上の政務を担当する.

【答】3 endeared

 

(8)　The scholar’s latest book is a  ( 　  　) study of Shakespeare, in which she details the writer’s life from childhood to old age.
1 fictitious 　　2 mythical 　　3 delirious 　　4 biographical

• de・tail / dɪtéɪl　…を詳しく述べる.
• fic・ti・tious / fɪktíʃəs　架空の
• myth・i・cal / míθɪk(ə)l　神話の
• de・lir・i・ous / dɪlí(ə)riəs　精神が錯乱した
• bi・o・graph・i・cal / bὰɪəgrˈæfɪk(ə)l　伝記(体)の

【答】4 biographical

 

(9)　名詞だが形容詞としても使われる単語

“Experts from many different fields are coming to the global warming debate tomorrow, ” said the organizer, ” so we can expect to hear a wide range of (　　　) on the issue,”

1 components　　2 limitations　　3 perspectives　　4 preliminaries

• com・po・nent / kəmpóʊnənt　構成要素
• lim・i・ta・tion / lìmətéɪʃən　制限
• per・spec・tive / pɚspéktɪv　考え方　pro・spec・tive [prəspéktɪv] 将来の
• pre・lim・i・nar・y /prɪlímənèri　予備, 予選

【答】3 perspectives

 

(10)　形容詞

A: I heard Bob and Alice have finally ended their marriage. That’s sad.

B: Yes, but it was an (　　　　) divorce. They’re still friend’s and talk on a regular basis.
1 affluent　　2 amicable　　3 obedient　　4 ominous

• af・flu・ent / ˈæfluːənt　富裕な
• am・i・ca・ble / ˈæmɪkəbl　友好的な
• o・be・di・ent / oʊbíːdiənt　従順な
• om・i・nous / άmənəs　不吉な

【答】2 amicable

 

(11)　形容詞

A: So, what seems to be the problem?

B: I don’t know why. Doctor, but I’ve been feeling (　　　) in the mornings, although I rarely actually vomit.

1 contagious 　　2 furious　 3 anonymous 　　4 nauseous

• con・ta・gious / kəntéɪdʒəs　伝染性の
• fu・ri・ous / fjˈʊ(ə)riəs　怒り狂った
• a・non・y・mous / ənάnəməs　匿名の
• nau・seous / nˈɔːʃəs　むかつく

【答】4 nauseous

 

(12)　形容詞

During the civil war, heavy bombing destroyed most of town, but the local church remained (　　　　) . Some regarded this as luck, and others as a miracle.
1 naive　　 2 slack　　 3 intact 　　4 hectic

• na・ive [nɑːíːv] 世間知らずの It’s naive of you [you’re naive] to trust everyone. だれでも信用するとは君もうぶだ
• slack [slˈæk] たるんだ slack legal controls ずさんな法的規制
• in・tact [ɪntˈækt] そこなわれていなくて
• hec・tic [héktɪk] 熱狂的な a hectic schedule 忙殺的な予定

【答】3 intact

 

(13)　動詞

I don’t like shopping, but I’m happy to spend a leisurely afternoon (　　　) through secondhand bookstores, searching for interesting books no read.
1 browsing 　　 2 bounding 　　3 absorbing 　　4 shrieking

• browse [brάʊz] 若葉などを食う(on), 本などを拾い読みする(through)  A number of people were browsing in the bookstore. 何人かの人が本屋で立ち読みしていた
• bound [bάʊnd] ～行きの, 束縛［拘束］された, 跳び上がる,～と境を接する
• ab・sorb [əbsˈɔɚb] 吸収する A sponge absorbs water.現在分詞は「夢中にさせる」an absorbing book とてもおもしろい本
• shriek [ʃríːk] キャッと言う　She shrieked curses at me. 彼女は私に金切り声で毒づいた.

【答】1 browsing

 

(14)　名詞

A: How was the dinner with your boyfriend’s parents on Saturday night?

B: It was a (　　　). First I spilled my wine, then we argued over politics, and finally they said I wasn’t the right kind of girl for their son.
1 syndrome 　　2 catastrophe 　　3 congestion 　　4 redundancy

• syn・drome [síndroʊm] 症候群, 同時に発生する一連のもの
• ca・tas・tro・phe [kətˈæstrəfi] 大惨事
• con・ges・tion [kəndʒéstʃən] 密集, 充血 the congestion of cities 都市の過密化
• re・dun・dan・cy [rɪdˈʌndnsi] 余剰

【答】2 catastrophe

 

(15)　形容詞ならびに過去分詞の形容詞用法

Phillip didn’t get into university he wanted to.  After receiving the bad news yesterday, he was complately (　　) and went to his room to be alone.
1 energized 　　2 dejected　　 3 hearty 　　4 witty

• en・er・gize [énɚdʒὰɪz] …に精力を与える I like songs that energize me.
• de・ject [dɪdʒékt] 落胆させる　(通常過去分詞で使う) look dejected
• heart・y [hάɚṭi]  receive a hearty welcome 心からの歓待を受ける
• wit・ty [wíṭi] 気のきいた a witty answer うまい解答

【答】2 dejected

 

(16)　名詞

A : You are late, honey. I was warried about you driving in this heavy rain.

B : Sorry. Highway 101 was closed due to flooding, so I had to take a (　　).

1 shaft 　　2 corridor 　　3 recess　　4 detour

• shaft [ʃˈæft] 心棒 a shaft of light [lightning] 一条の光[電光].
• cor・ri・dor [kˈɔːrədɚ] walk down [along] a corridor 廊下を歩く
• re・cess [ríːses] 「休廷,休会」などタイムテーブルによる休憩時間　rest は「活動をやめて休むこと」　break は「中断」
• de・tour [díːtʊɚ] 回り道

【答】4 detour

 

(17)　名詞

A : The city museum will hold an exhibition of Egyptian  (　　) dating from 3000 to 2000 B.C.  It will include pottery and jewelry from that period.
1 artifacts　　 2 bystanders 　　3 mechanisms 　　4 boundaries

• ar・ti・fact [άɚṭɪf`ækt] 人工物、工芸品 ⇔natural product
• bý・stànder [ˈbaɪˌstændɝ] 傍観者 　I am involved with that, but you are a bystander.私はその当事者ですが、あなたは傍観者です
• mech・a・nism [mékənìzm] 機械仕掛け　the complex mechanism of a living cell 生きている細胞の複雑な仕組み
• bound・a・ry [bάʊndəri] 境界　The mountains form the boundary (line) between the two countries. その山脈が 2 国間の境界(線)を作っている

【答】1 artifacts

 

(18)　形容詞

A : If we don’t stop global warming, the human race may not survive.

B : Well, that’s  (　　 ).  Many people claim the effects of global warming are exaggerated.
1 bearable　　 2 instinctual 　　3 debatable 　　4 perpetual

• ex・ag・ger・ate [ɪgzˈædʒərèɪt]  one’s troubles 自分の悩みを大げさに言う
• bear・a・ble [bé(ə)rəbl] 耐えられる
• in・stinc・tu・al [ɪnstíŋ(k)tʃuəl] 本能的な = in・stinc・tive [ɪnstíŋ(k)tɪv]　母性本能 mother instinct / 帰巣本能 homing instinct
• de・bat・a・ble [dɪbéɪṭəbl] 論争の余地のあるdebatable ground (国境などの)係争地
• per・pet・u・al [pɚpétʃuəl] 永続する(通例限定用法)perpetual quarreling のべつ幕なしの口論

【答】3 debatable

 

(19)　Thank you for booking your vacation with us.  Here is a copy of your  ( 　　), which includes all the prices you requested.
1 itinerary 　　2 omission 　　3 perception 　　4 assessment

• i・tin・er・ar・y [aitnəreri] 旅行日程
• o・mis・sion [oʊmíʃən] 省略　sins of omission 怠慢の罪
• per・cep・tion [pɚsépʃən] 認識　a man of keen perception 知覚の鋭い人
• as・séss・ment [əsésmənt] 査定　assess (動詞) a tax at 10 pounds 税金を 10 ポンドと査定する

【答】1 itinerary

 

(20)　動詞

Economic growth last year ( 　　) all exceptions. Analysts had predicted growth of 3 percent, but the economy actually grew by 6 percent.
1 penetrated　 　2 agitated 　　3 notified 　　4 surpassed

• pen・e・trate [pénətrèɪt] …に突き刺さる The bullet penetrated his heart. 弾丸は彼の心臓を貫通した
• ag・i・tate [ˈædʒətèɪt] 扇動する　Don’t agitate yourself over it. そのことでやきもきするな
• no・ti・fy [nóʊṭəfὰɪ] 通知する　The committee will notify us when the next meeting is to be held. 委員会は次回の開催日を私たちに通知してくるだろう
• sur・pass [sɚpˈæs] 上回る　This year’s trade surplus surpasses those of all previous years. 今年の貿易黒字はこれまでのどの年をも上回っている

【答】4 surpassed

(21)　形容詞

A : How am I doing your class, Professor Kelly?

B : Your efforts are ( 　　) , Eri. Your essays have been very good, and your questions during class are always relevant. Keep it up.
1 commendable　 　2 dispensable 　　3 feasible 　　4 reparable

• rel・e・vant [réləv(ə)nt] 適切な　a relevant question 適切な質問
• com・mend・a・ble [kəméndəbl] ほめるに足る　We commended (動詞)  him for his many years of service to the company. 長年会社に勤務したことで彼をほめた
• dis・pens・a・ble [dɪspénsəbl] 　動詞は異なった意味 The Red Cross dispensed food and clothing to the victims. 赤十字社は被害者に食料と衣料を分配した
• fea・si・ble [fíːzəbl] 実行できる　a feasible plan
• rep・a・ra・ble [rép(ə)rəbl]　reparable damage to the car 車への修理可能な損傷

【答】1 commendable

(22)　熟語

Even though it was a cold and rainy day, voters  ( 　　) in huge numbers to reelect the country’s popular president.
1 stood back　 　2 fell over 　　3 turned out 　　4 set up

• re・e・lect [rìːɪlékt] …を再選する

• She stood at the back of the stage. 彼女は舞台の奥に立っていた.

• The tree fell over in the storm.　木は嵐で倒れた.

• turn out にはさまざまな意味があるが、ここでは「繰り出す」　If you don’t pay your rent, you’ll be turned out into the street. 家賃を払わないと外へ放り出されますよ.

• set up a tent テントを張る

【答】3 turned out

(23)　熟語

A : Ever since Rachel became the head of marketing, she’s been making a lot of effort to please the staff, hasn’t she?

B : Yes, I think she’s trying  to ( 　　) the people who were against her being promoted.
1 draw up　 　2 roll down 　　3 sign out 　　4 win over

• The troops were drawn up for inspection. 軍隊は検閲を受けるために整列していた.
• roll down one’s sleeves まくり上げたそでを下ろす.

• You should sign out at the exit. ⇔sign in

• He won his brother over to his side. 彼は兄[弟]を説得して味方にした.

【答】4 win over

(24)　熟語

Deciding that studying for her physics test was more important than going to a baseball game with friends. Amy  ( 　　) the chance to see her favorite team in action.
1 pressed for 　 　2 gave off 　　3 ran through 　　4 passed up

• be pressed for money 金に困っている

• These plants give off a terrible smell.これらの植物はひどい悪臭を放つ.

• I ran through the forest. 私は走って森を通り抜けた。

• It’s just too good to pass up.これは絶対見逃せないよ。

【答】4 passed up

(25)　熟語

A : Did you pay this month’s rent, honey?

B : No, I’m  ( 　　) until the landload fixes shower.  If we have to wait for our shower, he can wait for his money!
1 building up　 　2 holding off  　　3 rubbing in  　　4 dealing out

• The firm has built up a wide reputation for fair dealing. その会社はフェアな取引で広く評判を築き上げている.

• hold off one’s departure 出発を延ばす

• of something, to rub in (膏薬などを)こすってしみこませる　A mugger robbed me of my wallet. 強盗が私から財布を奪った

• You must deal out the money fairly.その金を公正に分けなさい

【答】2 holding off

 

 

The future of urban Living

 

Do you live in a polluted metropolis? Do you go to bed and wake up to the sound of heavy traffic ?  Do you have to ride on crowded trains on the way to work ?  In short, ( 　26　) the drawbacks of urban life ?  If your answer to the last question is “yes” then you might consider moving to one of the “slow cities” that can be found in countries such as Italy, Great Britain, and Germany.

• dráw・bàck / dɹɔːˌbæk　欠点

The slow city movement, also known as Cittaslow, which began in Italy, offers a more relaxed, environmentally friendly way of life in towns with populations of 50,000 or fewer.  To become Cittaslow members, towns need not be model eco-friendly communities.  Nevertheless, they do need to show a desire to (　27　).  Support within the community for introducing measures, such as promoting recycling, reducing noise pollution, and implementing programs to protect local retailers from giant chain stores is essential.

• nev・er・the・less / nèvɚðəlés それにもかかわらず
• im・ple・ment / ímpləmənt　(n) 道具 farm implements 農具　(vt) 実行する implement a plan
• es・sen・tial / esénʃəl 必須の sleep and nourishing food are essential to health.

Aylsham, a small market town in southeast England, is an example of how joining Cittaslow can lead to  (　28　). Just five years ago, say locals, this small town was struggling: there was no real community spirit, and many businesses faced closure.  The introduction of community, environmental, and local-business programs has changed all this, and now the town is thriving.

• thrive / θrάɪv　繁栄する　Education thrives there. そこは教育が盛んだ.

The movement has encountered opposition from large corporations that are anxious to enlarge their empires.  Nonetheless, in small towns across Britain, many local councils are coming round to the idea that Cittaslow is the way forward if  all member applications prove successful,  Britain’s Cittaslow may one day rival Italy’s nationwide network – but who’s rushing ?

• enlarge / ɪnlάɚdʒ　…を大きくする　enlarge a photograph 写真を引き伸ばす
• none・the・less / n`ʌnðəlés　それでもなお
• coun・cil / kάʊnsl　評議会　a county council 《主に英国で用いられる》 州議会
• ap・pli・ca・tion / `æpləkéɪʃən　適用　an application form 申し込み用紙.

(26)
1 could you put up with
2 are you willing to adapt to
3 have you had enough of
4 do you react well to

【答】3 have you had enough of

enoughは、文脈や表現によっては「もうこれ以上はいい」といった拒絶や辞退のような否定的な感覚で使われるのは、日本語の「十分」と同じ。

be willing to 〜 は積極的な「喜んで〜する」ではなく、求められたり必要があれば断らずに「やるよ」といった感じ。Are you willing to assist on an evacuation? は「喜んで避難を手伝いますか？」ではなく、ニュアンスとしては「避難の手伝いが必要になったら（厭わずに）協力的にやってもらえますか？」ぐらいの感じ。

(27)
1 achieve various goals
2 test public knowledge
3 cooperate with large companies
4 follow the example of big cities.

【答】1 achieve various goals

(28)
1 unexpected problems
2 financial equality
3 healthy debate
4 significant changes

【答】4 significant changes

 

Australia’s wild Wildlife

Mention Australian animals, and many people think of lovable koalas and kangaroos. But Australian wildlife was not always so cuddly. Around 60,000 years ago, the land Down Under was home to a number of huge, meat-eating beasts that would have terrified Australia’s first humans. Then, relatively suddenly, these creatures disappeared. Why? Natural climate change has caused regular and repeated extinctions in Australia over millions years. Scientists theorized that (　　29　　) to blame.

lov・a・ble / lˈʌvəb　愛すべき

cud・dly / kˈʌdli　抱き締めたいような

rel・a・tive・l / réləṭɪvli　どちらかといえば

the・o・rize / θíːərὰɪz　理論を立てる　It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data.材料なくして理論立てするのは、致命的な誤りだ

blame / bléɪm　「~を非難する」という他動詞のほかに、「責任」という名詞の意味もあるが、my のような所有格をつけず、I am to blame とする。

 

Recent fossil finds in several Australian caves, however, have called that theory into question. The caves contain a fossil record that dates back a million years. These fossils revealed some surprising information: from 60,000 years ago to the present, Australian’s climate was relatively stable, with only slight changes. (　　30　　), unlike Australia’s ancient extinctions, natural climate change was not responsible for the disappearance of Australia’s large beasts.
If not climate, then what? Probably the settlement of humans. Scientists are still researching possible causes, but they suspect the extinctions occurred because early settlers used fire as a hunting aid and for clearing land. Repeated burning would have degraded the fragile soil. The changes to the ecosystem, turning it from grassland to today’s desert, (　　31　　). As a result, Australia’s large animals would not have had time to adapt and find new food sources. They left behind only bones and a possible reminder of the unintended consequences of human activity.

rel・a・tive・ly / réləṭɪvli　どちらかといえば

slight / slάɪt　わずかな

ex・tinc・tion / ɪkstíŋ(k)ʃən　消火、絶滅

set・tle・ment / séṭlmənt　定住

clear the land 土地を開墾する

de・grade / dɪgréɪd　…を退化させる. It will degrade the performance of machine. 装置の性能を劣化させるでしょう。

un・in・tended / `ʌnɪnténdɪd　意図的でない

con・se・quence / kάnsɪkwèns　結果

(29)
1 an increase of predators was
2 the same process was
3 a lack of food was not
4 climate was not

【答】2 the same process was

 

(30)
1 Apparently
2 Once again
3 Predictably
4 In response

• ap・par・ent・ly / əpˈærəntli　(実際はともかく)見たところでは(…らしい)
• pre・díct・a・bly / prɪdíktəbli　予想どおりに

【答】1 Apparently

 

(31)
1 had no impact
2 were very dramatic
3 went fairly slowly
4 allowed for survival

• fair・ly / féɚli　公平に、かなり

【答】2 were very dramatic

The Study of Latin

Since the beginning of the 20th century, the study of Latin in the United States has been on the decrease. In 1900, over half of all high school students took Latin classes. In later years, however, the significance of the language was de-emphasised, as the study of so-called living languages like French and German came to be seen as more relevant. By the 1970s. Although Latin still maintained prestige and was considered an important subject for the academically ambitions, only one out of every 100 high school students was choosing to study it.

• sig・nif・i・cance [sɪgnífɪk(ə)ns] 重要性
• de-emphasised　強調を抑える
• rel・e・vant / réləv(ə)nt　適切な、関連のある
• pres・tige / prestíːʒ　威信

Throughout the century, however, Latin kept its fair share of defenders. In a notable 1947 essey, auther Dorothy Sayers claimed that studying Latin was the best educational grounding for students in English-speaking countries, “not because Latin is traditional and medieval, but simply because even a basic knowledge of Latin cuts down the labor and pain of learning other objects by at least 50 percent. “Many argue that the point made is still relevant today, since so many English words have Latin roots. In fact, recent evidence shows that students who take Latin in high school regularly score up to a third higher on the English language section of the SAT, a standard achievement test commonly taken in the United States.

• de・fénd・er / dɪˈfɛndɝ　防御者
• gróund・ing / ˈgraʊndɪŋ　基礎教授
• me・di・e・val / mìːdiíːv(ə)l　中世の
• la・bor  / léɪbɚ　労働、苦心
• rel・e・vant / réləv(ə)nt　適切な、関連のある

To others, the benefits of Latin and other classical studies reach even further. Richard LaFleur, professor of classics at the University of Georgia, argues that the ancient Roman Empire had a huge influence on most Western cultures. “To be ignorant of Roman civilization is to be ignorant of our own roots,” he says. Many concepts in government, law, art, and literature are shared among Western nations because of this common cultural heritage. To LaFleur and others, it is this better sence of our modern world that is the most practical benefit of studying a classical language such as Latin.

• ig・no・rant / ígnərənt　無学の
• con・cept / kάnsept　概念
• lit・er・a・ture / líṭərətʃ`ʊɚ　文芸

 

(32) It can be seen that the study of Latin
1 declined in the 20th century, partly because students also lost interest in studying French and German.
2 slowly became more popular in the 1970s, as it helped students understand other foreign languages.
3 continued to have high status for some in the 1970s, even though far fewer students took it.

4 became less popular with students because respected exams started to ask fewer questions about Latin.

【答】3 continued to have high status for some in the 1970s, even though far fewer students took it.

 

(33) Based on her comments, what do we learn about Dorothy Sayers?

1 She argued that an understanding of Latin lessened the effort needed to study other subject matter.

2 She believed that Latin was the most important subject after law, which was the key to educational success.

3 She agreed with the argument that the study of Latin alone would not have a positive effect on SAT scores.

4 She realized that the respect given to the study of Latin could no longer be justified in the mid-20th century.

jús・ti・fìed / ˈdʒʌstʌˌfaɪd　adj もっともなことで　He was fully justified in leaving the matter untouched. 彼がその問題に触れずにいたのはもっともなことだ

【答】1 She argued that an understanding of Latin lessened the effort needed to study other subject matter.

 

(34) Some supporters of Latin and other classical studies

1 worry that negative influences from modern culture will reduce the number of students studying them.

2 believe such subjects offer a solid base for appreciating not only students’ own cultures but also those of other Western countries.

3 have convinced many Western governments that it would be in their interests to promote the study of Latin.

4 admit that, despite Latin’s relationship to many fields, modern languages are more relevant in today’s world.

• con・vince / kənvíns　(…を)確信させる　He tried to convince me of his innocence. 彼は自分の無罪を私に納得させようと努めた　He tried to convince me that he was innocent. 彼は自分が無罪であることを私に納得させようと努めた

【答】2 believe such subjects offer a solid base for appreciating not only students’ own cultures but also those of other Western countries.

 

Returning to Ghana

Up until the late 19th century, millions of Africans were forced onto slave ships and sent to plantations in the United States, South America, and elsewhere, never to return.

Now, however, the West African nation of Ghana is trying to attract people of African descent back to its shores for vacations, to invest, to educate their children, and even to set down permanent roots. As part of this effort,  the Ghanaian immigration authority offers lifetime visas and has made it easier to obtain a Ghanaian passport. “We want Africans everywhere, no matter where they live or how they got there, to see Ghana as their gateway home,”said Jack Otanka Obetsebi-Lamptey, a well-known politician. “We hope we can help bring the African family back together again.”

However, Ghana does  have problems.  Although some sections of the population are well-off, much of the country still struggles with a lack of basic services such as clean water and electricity.   A third of the population survives on about a dollar a day.  Also, as many Ghanaians would choose to emigrate to wealthy countries like the United States given the opportunity, they are sometimes doubtful about the true motives of the returnees.  Many of the returnees realize such feelings exist with a shock when they are referred to as obruni, which literally means “white foreigner.” The term usually includes all visitors from wealthy countries regardless of skin color.  However, Valerie Papaya Mann, president of the African-American Association of Ghana, says that it is not only upsetting for a black person to be given such a label, but “it’s really tough to hear it when you come to seek your roots in Africa.”

• re・fer / rɪfˈɚː　to+(代)名詞〕〔…に〕言及する，The author frequently refers to the Bible. 著者はしばしば聖書を引き合いに出す
• lit・er・al・ly / líṭərəli　文字どおりに

Despite such obstacles, Ghana still has a lot to offer.  It is now one of the more economically stable West African countries, with a democratic government.  Additionally, the country has a long history of connections with America, and thousands of American-born people of African descent are already living in Ghana.  Its founding father, Kwame Nkrumah, went to college in the United States and come to believe in the 1950s that educated African-Americans held the key to developing Ghana’s prosperity.

• ob・sta・cle / άbstəkl　障害(物)
• pros・per・i・ty / prɑspérəṭi　繁栄

Moreover, in response to some of the problems returnees are having, the Ghanaian government has been running an advertising campaign that aims to eliminate the term obruni and convince Ghanaians to view returning African-Americans as long-lost family members rather than wealthy outsiders.  Whether such campaigns will help to attract more returnees remains to be seen.

• e・lim・i・nate / əlímənèɪt　を除く
• wheth・er / (h)wéðɚ　かどうか、…であろうとなかろうと(いずれにせよ)

 

(35) What is the government of Ghana doing to promote the return of people of African descent ?

1 Changing immigration laws to allow those of African descent to settle there with less families.

2 Introduction a system that helps those of African descent locate their long-lost families.

3 Offering people of African descent a higher standard of living than native Ghanaians.

4 Guaranteeing special housing conditions to former Ghanaian citizens who invest in the economy.

【答】1 Changing immigration laws to allow those of African descent to settle there with less families.

 

(36) Some people of African descent who return to Ghana.

1 feel guilty because the Ghanaian government treats them better than it does local residents.

2 face suspicion and have been discriminated against by native Ghanaians.

3 think the government takes advantage of them because of the wealth they bring.

4 have trouble mixing with the other foreigners who have also decided to  move there.

【答】2 face suspicion and have been discriminated against by native Ghanaians.

 

(37) Overall, how does the author feel about the idea of people returning to Ghana ?

1 It would be better for Ghana to educate its own people, and not rely on returnees for its future development.

2 The government needs to better emphasize its links with America to appeal to more potential returnees.

3 Until more wealthy African-Americans return, the campaign will not attract people from other parts of the world.

4 There are reasons why people might consider going back to Ghana, despite the difficulties.

• o・ver・all　総合的にいえば

【答】4 There are reasons why people might consider going back to Ghana, despite the difficulties.

The American Penny

The U.S. penny, or one-cent coin, has long been a part of American life.  According to a proverb, picking up on the street brings good luck.  Now, however, there is an argument over its future. With inflation and the resultant decrease in value of the coin in real terms, more and more people these days would sooner pass them by.  Retailers and consumers alike complain about having to keep the coins on hand to make change.  What’s old penny just doesn’t command the respect it used to.

• prov・erb / prάvɚːb　諺
• likeは前置詞。 Your bag is like mine. なら良いが、Your bag and mine are like. は間違い。be 動詞の代わりに look を使えば、「見た目が似ている」の意味。You look just like your mother. これに対して alike は叙述用法の形容詞・副詞。　They’re just [(very) much] alike. まったく[大体]同様である。　young and old alike 老いも若きも　　resemble は進行形不可の他動詞　This question resembles another one.

A penny, which despite its copper color has been made mostly of  zinc since 1982, now costs approximately 1.4 cents to manufacture.  The government has so far been willing to accept this loss.  The U.S. Mint continues to produce more and more pennies each year, manufacturing 7.7 billion in 2005 alone.  Retailers are forced to hand out literally tons of them annually, as most consumers don’t pay with exact change.  Retailers of course, get them from banks, which in tern demand more from the U.S. Mint.  And for all this, where do most of  them end up?  They spend a few hours in consumers’ pockets before finding  their way into piggy banks in homes around the country.

• zinc / zíŋk　亜鉛
• mint / mínt　ハッカ、造幣局
• hand out　(…に)配る　Hand these pamphlets out [out these pamphlets] to visitors. / The medical profession keeps handing out warnings about smoking. 医師たちは喫煙に関する警告を盛んに出し続けている。　handout は「配り物」
• lit・er・al・ly / líṭərəli　文字どおりに、誇張なしに
• pig・gy / pígi　(子)豚

But once the material cost the coin – currently around 0.8 to 0.9 cents – tops the value of a penny, it would be more economical for people with containers full of pennies to sell them as scrap metal so they can be melted down, rather than spend them. The average citizen probably stockpiles pennies out of  laziness. Nevertheless, some believe that the day is inevitable when it will be profitable to cash them in. If this happens on a large scale, it will create a rush in demand for pennies as a commodity rather than as money to pay for goods. By acting now, the government could prevent such a situation.  One suggestion is that production costs could be lowered by making pennies out of plastic or steel. Some citizens, though, have simply had enough of the old coins, and would rather see them go the way of the dinosaur. One group, Citizens for Retiring the Penny, is even lobbying Congress to discontinue the coin, claiming rising inefficiency and inconvenience. They argue that the need to make change could be eliminated by rounding prices to the nearest five cents, as is already done in New York’s Times Square.

• stóck・pìle / ˈstɑˌkpaɪl　〈…を〉(大量に)備蓄する.
• ˈlezinʌs　怠惰　(7つの大罪の1つとして体現される / personified as one of the deadly sins)
• nev・er・the・less / nev・er・the・less　それにもかかわらず
• in・ev・i・ta・ble / ɪnévəṭəbl　避けられない
• prof・it・a・ble / prάfɪṭəbl　有利な
• com・mod・i・ty / kəmάdəṭi　有用な品
• lób・by・ing / ˈlɑbiɪŋ　陳情運動
• e・lim・i・nate / əlímənèɪt　(…を)除去する　eliminate unnecessary words from an essay 論文から不必要な語を削除する.

 

Yet a recent poll showed that two-thirds of Americans are still in favor of using the penny. Some like its unique color, or associate it with the popular president, Abraham Lincoln, whose image appears on the coin. Others say pennies keep inflation down by helping to keep prices more accurate. The government has yet to make a final decision on whether to continue producing the coin, but as the controversy heats up, a fresh conflict over the nickel – the five-cent coin － waits in the shadows.

• ac・cu・rate / ˈækjʊrət　正確な
• con・tro・ver・sy / kάntrəv`ɚːsi　論争

yetで否定の意味を持つ?

(38) Why has there been controversy recently about the penny ?
1 Nearly 8 billion poorly manufactured pennies have had to be recalled by the U.S. Mint.
2 A lack of copper has made it difficult to maintain the production level of pennies.
3 The U.S. Mint has been told by the government to reduce production costs.
4 Rising prices mean that many people consider the penny almost worthless.

【答】4 Rising prices mean that many people consider the penny almost worthless.

 

(39) What is one result of the way that pennies flow through the economy?
1 Retailers must contact the U.S. Mint directly to get the pennies they need.
2 Retailers have problems obtaining enough pennies from banks.
3 Most of the coins become less valuable every time they are used.
4 Most of the coins are quickly removed from circulation by consumers.

cir・cu・la・tion / s`ɚːkjʊléɪʃən　循環、流通

【答】4 Most of the coins are quickly removed from circulation by consumers.

 

(40) A major concern with pennies is that
1 the value of the metal may actually overtake the value of the coin itself.
2 more coins are being recalled to be sold as scrap metal and melted down.

3 retailers are complaining about the time required for penny production.

4 the government plans to pass the loss from making pennies on to consumers.

【答】1 the value of the metal may actually overtake the value of the coin itself.

 

(41) One suggested solution to the current argument over the future of the penny would be to
1 change the penny’s color and use a more recent president’s image.
2 alter the retail pricing system to make the penny unnecessary.
3 encourage people to view the penny as a natural resource to be resold.

• re‐sell / rìːsél　転売する　someone who buys tickets to an event in order to resell them at a profit 利益を求めて転売するためにイベントのチケットを買う誰か

4 set up exchange centers where people can easily cash in their pennies.

【答】2 alter the retail pricing system to make the penny unnecessary.

 

Read the e-mail below.  imagine that you are Masashi.  Write an appropriate response to Julia in the space provided on Side B or your answer sheet.  Your response should be around 100 words in length.

• ap・pro・pri・ate / əpróʊprièɪt　相応しい、充当する

Dear Masashi

How are you? I need your help with some questions.

Yesterday, I read an article that said listening to portable music players while doing activities such as cycling or running can be dangerous. What do you think about that?

When I visited Japan last month, I was surprised to see many people riding bikes without wearing helmets. In Canada, helmets are required by low. In your opinion, should cyclists in Japan also be required to wear helmets?

At my school, students can take a first-aid training course if they want to. Do you feel that everyone should learn first aid?

I look forward to your answers.

Julia

【私の返事】

Thank you for your E-mail.

Indeed, I have same think of yours.

I feel dangerous when I ride on bicycle. On the road in Japan, car and bicycle and walky are mixed.

I wonder the government of Japan make low enforced about regulation  of  safe traffic system.